哪个能完整地讲了解目前分词作后置定语时有几种可能的状况

另外，目前分词与谓语有没一个所谓的“同时性”，假如有，到底如何理解这个“同时性”？

关于这个问题，你可以阅读夸克《大全》17.28 Postmodification by -ing participle clauses 英文版P. 1263-1264. 汉译版P 1747-1749.

夸克觉得目前分词作定语，目前分词的时可以与主句谓语动词的时相同，也可以参考上下文推理。所以，夸克觉得 The person writing reports is my colleague. 在肯定的语境中，可以是以下六种状况之1、

The person who will write reports is my colleague.

The person who will be writing reports is my colleague.

The person who writes reports is my colleague.

The person who is writing reports is my colleague.

The person who wrote reports is my colleague.

The person who was writing reports is my colleague.

The tense to be attributed to the -ing clause will usually be that of the finite clause in which the noun phrase occurs, especially if the noun phrase is object:

Do you know the man talking to my sister? ['who is talking to my sister']

Did you know the man talking to my sister? ['who was talking to my sister']

The tense of the non-finite clause can also be inferred from the context:

The man sitting next to her was speaking on the radio . ['who is sitting']